This arrondissement mainly encompassed 2 villages before they were annexed to Paris in 1860 with Thiers’ enceinte: Belleville and La Villette. Named “Savies” in the 7th century, the Merovingian kings owned a villa in Belleville before the Capetians ceded land to monasteries. A former vineyard, Belleville saw the arrival of workshops and factories in the 19th century. Rue de Belleville (at the corner of the 10th and 11th arrondissements, bordering the 20th arrondissement) was the main thoroughfare of the commune. A Gallo-Roman village existed in antiquity in the Villette area, on the Roman road leading to Flanders. The monks of the Saint-Lazare brotherhood ruled this village, which was dedicated to agriculture (wheat and vines), until the 18th century.
The Parc des Buttes Chaumont was inaugurated in 1867, on the site of former gypsum and millstone quarries. Prior to its conversion into a landscaped park, the site was afflicted with a sinister reputation, with the Montfaucon gallows at the foot of the mound in use until the 18th century. The execution site was replaced by an open-air rubbish dump. The Villette abattoirs were also built in 1867 to replace the existing Parisian slaughterhouses. They were located on the site of today’s Parc de la Villette. In 1991, the Parc de la Villette was created. Major facilities designed to revitalize the arrondissement were integrated: the Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie, the Cité de la Musique, the Grande Halle de la Villette, the Zenith and the Philharmonie.