The history of this arrondissement is fairly recent. It was first and foremost a crossing point between Paris and Orléans (an ancient Roman road), used by many pilgrims. Founded in the 17th century, Port-Royal Abbey was a major center of the Jansenist movement. Urbanization took the form of a series of villages: Petit Montrouge, the Plaisance housing estate, the village of Thermopyles, etc. On the outskirts of the 6th arrondissement, the Paris Observatory is the oldest active observatory in the world. Opened in 1824, on the edge of the 15th arrondissement, the Montparnasse cemetery is home to the graves of numerous political, religious and even artistic figures.
New hospitals were frequently built at the end of the 19th century: Broussais, Saint Joseph, Notre-Dame de Bon Secours. Napoleon III decided to create a psychiatric hospital on the site of the Sainte-Anne farm. This ‘asylum’ was inaugurated in 1867, before adding a number of specialities over the decades (psychiatry, neurology, addictions, etc.) to become the Sainte-Anne hospital center. Finally, the Hôpital Cochin (on the edge of the 5th arrondissement) was created in 1902 from the merger of 2 existing establishments. At the beginning of the 20th century, the 14th arrondissement attracted a community of artists who went on to form the “Ecole de Paris”.